function Student(props){
  this.name = props.name || '匿名';
  this.grade = props.grade || 1;  
}  

Student.prototype.hello = function(){
  alert('Hello, '+ this.name + '!');

}

function createStudent(props){　　
  return new Student(props || {});
}

'use strict';

function Cat(name) {
  this.name = name;
}

Cat.prototype.say = function(){
  return ('Hello, ' + this.name + '!');
}

// 测试:
var kitty = new Cat('Kitty');
var doraemon = new Cat('哆啦A梦');
if (kitty && kitty.name === 'Kitty' && kitty.say && typeof kitty.say === 'function' && kitty.say() === 'Hello, Kitty!' && kitty.say === doraemon.say) {
  alert('测试通过!');
} else {
  alert('测试失败!');
}