> a, b, c = 1, 2, 3
> a, b, c
(1, 2, 3)
> a, b, c = [1, 2, 3]
> a, b, c
(1, 2, 3)
> a, b, c = (2 * i + 1 for i in range(3))
> a, b, c
(1, 3, 5)
> a, (b, c), d = [1, (2, 3), 4]
> a
1
> b
2
> c
3
> d
4

> a, b = 1, 2
> a, b = b, a
> a, b
(2, 1)

> a, *b, c = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
> a
1
> b
[2, 3, 4]
> c
5

> a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
> a[-1]
10
> a[-3]
8

> a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
> a[2:8]
[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

> a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
> a[-4:-2]
[7, 8]

> a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
> a[::2]
[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
> a[::3]
[0, 3, 6, 9]
> a[2:8:2]
[2, 4, 6]

> a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
> a[::-1]
[10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]
> a[::-2]
[10, 8, 6, 4, 2, 0]

> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
> a[2:3] = [0, 0]
> a
[1, 2, 0, 0, 4, 5]
> a[1:1] = [8, 9]
> a
[1, 8, 9, 2, 0, 0, 4, 5]
> a[1:-1] = []
> a
[1, 5]

> a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
> LASTTHREE = slice(-3, None)
> LASTTHREE
slice(-3, None, None)
> a[LASTTHREE]
[3, 4, 5]

> a = ["Hello", "world", "!"]
> for i, x in enumerate(a):
... print "{}: {}".format(i, x)
...
0: Hello
1: world
2: !

> m = {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3, "d": 4}
> for k, v in m.iteritems():
... print "{}: {}".format(k, v)
...
a: 1
c: 3
b: 2
d: 4
 
# 注意：Python 3中要使用dict.items

> a = [1, 2, 3]
> b = ["a", "b", "c"]
> z = zip(a, b)
> z
[(1, "a"), (2, "b"), (3, "c")]
> zip(*z)
[(1, 2, 3), ("a", "b", "c")]

> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
 
> # Using iterators
> group_adjacent = lambda a, k: zip(*([iter(a)] * k))
> group_adjacent(a, 3)
[(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)]
> group_adjacent(a, 2)
[(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)]
> group_adjacent(a, 1)
[(1,), (2,), (3,), (4,), (5,), (6,)]
 
 
> # Using slices
> from itertools import islice
> group_adjacent = lambda a, k: zip(*(islice(a, i, None, k) for i in range(k)))
> group_adjacent(a, 3)
[(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)]
> group_adjacent(a, 2)
[(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)]
> group_adjacent(a, 1)
[(1,), (2,), (3,), (4,), (5,), (6,)]

> from itertools import islice
> def n_grams(a, n):
... z = (islice(a, i, None) for i in range(n))
... return zip(*z)
...
> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
> n_grams(a, 3)
[(1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 4), (3, 4, 5), (4, 5, 6)]
> n_grams(a, 2)
[(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6)]
> n_grams(a, 4)
[(1, 2, 3, 4), (2, 3, 4, 5), (3, 4, 5, 6)]

> m = {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3, "d": 4}
> m.items()
[("a", 1), ("c", 3), ("b", 2), ("d", 4)]
> zip(m.values(), m.keys())
[(1, "a"), (3, "c"), (2, "b"), (4, "d")]
> mi = dict(zip(m.values(), m.keys()))
> mi
{1: "a", 2: "b", 3: "c", 4: "d"}

> a = [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]
> list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(a))
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
 
> sum(a, [])
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
 
> [x for l in a for x in l]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
 
> a = [[[1, 2], [3, 4]], [[5, 6], [7, 8]]]
> [x for l1 in a for l2 in l1 for x in l2]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
 
> a = [1, 2, [3, 4], [[5, 6], [7, 8]]]
> flatten = lambda x: [y for l in x for y in flatten(l)] if type(x) is list else [x]
> flatten(a)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
Note: according to Python"s documentation on sum, itertools.chain.from_iterable is the preferred method for this.

> g = (x ** 2 for x in xrange(10))
> next(g)
0
> next(g)
1
> next(g)
4
> next(g)
9
> sum(x ** 3 for x in xrange(10))
2025
> sum(x ** 3 for x in xrange(10) if x % 3 == 1)
408

> m = {x: x ** 2 for x in range(5)}
> m
{0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16}
 
> m = {x: "A" + str(x) for x in range(10)}
> m
{0: "A0", 1: "A1", 2: "A2", 3: "A3", 4: "A4", 5: "A5", 6: "A6", 7: "A7", 8: "A8", 9: "A9"}

> m = {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3, "d": 4}
> m
{"d": 4, "a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3}
> {v: k for k, v in m.items()}
{1: "a", 2: "b", 3: "c", 4: "d"}

> Point = collections.namedtuple("Point", ["x", "y"])
> p = Point(x=4.0, y=2.0)
> p
Point(x=4.0, y=2.0)
> p.x
4.0
> p.y
2.0

> class Point(collections.namedtuple("PointBase", ["x", "y"])):
... __slots__ = ()
... def __add__(self, other):
... return Point(x=self.x + other.x, y=self.y + other.y)
...
> p = Point(x=4.0, y=2.0)
> q = Point(x=2.0, y=3.0)
> p + q
Point(x=6.0, y=5.0)

> A = {1, 2, 3, 3}
> A
set([1, 2, 3])
> B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
> B
set([3, 4, 5, 6, 7])
> A | B
set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])
> A & B
set([3])
> A - B
set([1, 2])
> B - A
set([4, 5, 6, 7])
> A ^ B
set([1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7])
> (A ^ B) == ((A - B) | (B - A))
True

> A = collections.Counter([1, 2, 2])
> B = collections.Counter([2, 2, 3])
> A
Counter({2: 2, 1: 1})
> B
Counter({2: 2, 3: 1})
> A | B
Counter({2: 2, 1: 1, 3: 1})
> A & B
Counter({2: 2})
> A + B
Counter({2: 4, 1: 1, 3: 1})
> A - B
Counter({1: 1})
> B - A
Counter({3: 1})

> A = collections.Counter([1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])
> A
Counter({3: 4, 1: 2, 2: 2, 4: 1, 5: 1, 6: 1, 7: 1})
> A.most_common(1)
[(3, 4)]
> A.most_common(3)
[(3, 4), (1, 2), (2, 2)]

> Q = collections.deque()
> Q.append(1)
> Q.appendleft(2)
> Q.extend([3, 4])
> Q.extendleft([5, 6])
> Q
deque([6, 5, 2, 1, 3, 4])
> Q.pop()
4
> Q.popleft()
6
> Q
deque([5, 2, 1, 3])
> Q.rotate(3)
> Q
deque([2, 1, 3, 5])
> Q.rotate(-3)
> Q
deque([5, 2, 1, 3])

> last_three = collections.deque(maxlen=3)
> for i in xrange(10):
... last_three.append(i)
... print ", ".join(str(x) for x in last_three)
...
0
0, 1
0, 1, 2
1, 2, 3
2, 3, 4
3, 4, 5
4, 5, 6
5, 6, 7
6, 7, 8
7, 8, 9

> m = dict((str(x), x) for x in range(10))
> print ", ".join(m.keys())
1, 0, 3, 2, 5, 4, 7, 6, 9, 8
> m = collections.OrderedDict((str(x), x) for x in range(10))
> print ", ".join(m.keys())
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
> m = collections.OrderedDict((str(x), x) for x in range(10, 0, -1))
> print ", ".join(m.keys())
10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1

> m = dict()
> m["a"]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
KeyError: "a"
>
> m = collections.defaultdict(int)
> m["a"]
0
> m["b"]
0
> m = collections.defaultdict(str)
> m["a"]
""
> m["b"] += "a"
> m["b"]
"a"
> m = collections.defaultdict(lambda: "[default value]")
> m["a"]
"[default value]"
> m["b"]
"[default value]"

> import json
> tree = lambda: collections.defaultdict(tree)
> root = tree()
> root["menu"]["id"] = "file"
> root["menu"]["value"] = "File"
> root["menu"]["menuitems"]["new"]["value"] = "New"
> root["menu"]["menuitems"]["new"]["onclick"] = "new();"
> root["menu"]["menuitems"]["open"]["value"] = "Open"
> root["menu"]["menuitems"]["open"]["onclick"] = "open();"
> root["menu"]["menuitems"]["close"]["value"] = "Close"
> root["menu"]["menuitems"]["close"]["onclick"] = "close();"
> print json.dumps(root, sort_keys=True, indent=4, separators=(",", ": "))
{
"menu": {
"id": "file",
"menuitems": {
"close": {
"onclick": "close();",
"value": "Close"
},
"new": {
"onclick": "new();",
"value": "New"
},
"open": {
"onclick": "open();",
"value": "Open"
}
},
"value": "File"
}
}
 
# 查看更多：https://gist.github.com/hrldcpr/2012250

> import itertools, collections
> value_to_numeric_map = collections.defaultdict(itertools.count().next)
> value_to_numeric_map["a"]
0
> value_to_numeric_map["b"]
1
> value_to_numeric_map["c"]
2
> value_to_numeric_map["a"]
0
> value_to_numeric_map["b"]
1

> a = [random.randint(0, 100) for __ in xrange(100)]
> heapq.nsmallest(5, a)
[3, 3, 5, 6, 8]
> heapq.nlargest(5, a)
[100, 100, 99, 98, 98]

> for p in itertools.product([1, 2, 3], [4, 5]):
(1, 4)
(1, 5)
(2, 4)
(2, 5)
(3, 4)
(3, 5)
> for p in itertools.product([0, 1], repeat=4):
... print "".join(str(x) for x in p)
...
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

> for c in itertools.combinations([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 3):
... print "".join(str(x) for x in c)
...
123
124
125
134
135
145
234
235
245
345
> for c in itertools.combinations_with_replacement([1, 2, 3], 2):
... print "".join(str(x) for x in c)
...
11
12
13
22
23
33

> for p in itertools.permutations([1, 2, 3, 4]):
... print "".join(str(x) for x in p)
...
1234
1243
1324
1342
1423
1432
2134
2143
2314
2341
2413
2431
3124
3142
3214
3241
3412
3421
4123
4132
4213
4231
4312
4321

> a = [1, 2, 3, 4]
> for p in itertools.chain(itertools.combinations(a, 2), itertools.combinations(a, 3)):
... print p
...
(1, 2)
(1, 3)
(1, 4)
(2, 3)
(2, 4)
(3, 4)
(1, 2, 3)
(1, 2, 4)
(1, 3, 4)
(2, 3, 4)
> for subset in itertools.chain.from_iterable(itertools.combinations(a, n) for n in range(len(a) + 1))
... print subset
...
()
(1,)
(2,)
(3,)
(4,)
(1, 2)
(1, 3)
(1, 4)
(2, 3)
(2, 4)
(3, 4)
(1, 2, 3)
(1, 2, 4)
(1, 3, 4)
(2, 3, 4)
(1, 2, 3, 4)

> from operator import itemgetter
> import itertools
> with open("contactlenses.csv", "r") as infile:
... data = [line.strip().split(",") for line in infile]
...
> data = data[1:]
> def print_data(rows):
... print " ".join(" ".join("{: <16}".format(s) for s in row) for row in rows)
...
 
> print_data(data)
young myope no reduced none
young myope no normal soft
young myope yes reduced none
young myope yes normal hard
young hypermetrope no reduced none
young hypermetrope no normal soft
young hypermetrope yes reduced none
young hypermetrope yes normal hard
pre-presbyopic myope no reduced none
pre-presbyopic myope no normal soft
pre-presbyopic myope yes reduced none
pre-presbyopic myope yes normal hard
pre-presbyopic hypermetrope no reduced none
pre-presbyopic hypermetrope no normal soft
pre-presbyopic hypermetrope yes reduced none
pre-presbyopic hypermetrope yes normal none
presbyopic myope no reduced none
presbyopic myope no normal none
presbyopic myope yes reduced none
presbyopic myope yes normal hard
presbyopic hypermetrope no reduced none
presbyopic hypermetrope no normal soft
presbyopic hypermetrope yes reduced none
presbyopic hypermetrope yes normal none
 
> data.sort(key=itemgetter(-1))
> for value, group in itertools.groupby(data, lambda r: r[-1]):
... print "-----------"
... print "Group: " + value
... print_data(group)
...
-----------
Group: hard
young myope yes normal hard
young hypermetrope yes normal hard
pre-presbyopic myope yes normal hard
presbyopic myope yes normal hard
-----------
Group: none
young myope no reduced none
young myope yes reduced none
young hypermetrope no reduced none
young hypermetrope yes reduced none
pre-presbyopic myope no reduced none
pre-presbyopic myope yes reduced none
pre-presbyopic hypermetrope no reduced none
pre-presbyopic hypermetrope yes reduced none
pre-presbyopic hypermetrope yes normal none
presbyopic myope no reduced none
presbyopic myope no normal none
presbyopic myope yes reduced none
presbyopic hypermetrope no reduced none
presbyopic hypermetrope yes reduced none
presbyopic hypermetrope yes normal none
-----------
Group: soft
young myope no normal soft
young hypermetrope no normal soft
pre-presbyopic myope no normal soft
pre-presbyopic hypermetrope no normal soft
presbyopic hypermetrope no normal soft