select upper(product_name) from product;

select lower(product_name) from product;

select initcap(product_name) from product;

select initcap(‘this TEXT hAd UNpredictABLE caSE') from dual;

select product_name,length(product_name) name_length

from product

order by product_name;

create table item_test(item_id char(20),item_desc char(25));

insert into item_test values(‘LA-101','Can, Small');

insert into item_test values(‘LA-102','Bottle, Small');

insert into item_test values(‘LA-103','Bottle, Large');

select substr(item_id,4,3) item_num,item_desc

from item_test;

select instr(‘this is line one','line',1) from dual;

select item_desc , instr(item_desc,',',1)from item_test;

select ltrim(‘ abc def ‘) from dual;